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Is The U.S. a Despotic Democracy?

the AZEL

PERSPECTIVE

Commentary on Cuba's Future, U.S. Foreign Policy & Individual Freedoms - Issue 150

Is the United States a Despotic Democracy?

Forward

The idea of democratic despotism appears to be an oxymoron - a contradiction in terms. But, in â€œDemocracy in Americaâ€ (1835-1840) Alexisde Tocqueville offered a powerful description of democratic despotism as â€œâ€¦a network of small complicated rules, minute and uniform, through which the most original minds and the most energetic characters cannot penetrate, to rise above the crowd.â€

Under Tocquevilleâ€™s democratic or soft despotism, â€œThe will of man is not shattered, but softened, bent, and guided; men are seldom forced by it to act, but they are constantly restrained from acting.â€

Democratic despotism â€œâ€¦does not destroy, but it prevents existence; it does not tyrannize, but it compresses, enervates, extinguishes, and stupefies a people, till each nation is reduced to nothing better than a flow of timid and industrious animals, of which the government is the shepherd.â€

Soft despotism is not as obvious as hard despotism. It gives us the illusion of being in control; it degrades us rather than persecutes us. It often takes the form of a state within a state (imperium in imperio) where an internal organization, such as the armed forces, securities agencies or administrative agencies, evolves beyond the effective control of the civilian political leadership.

For example, historically efforts to separate Church and State were anchored on the perception that the Church could turn into an imperium in imperio undermining civilian leadership. In other examples, in the Soviet Union, the secret policy (KGB) was considered a State within a State. The same is true of its successor, The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB). And, in the United States the governmentâ€™s bureaucracy is often portrayed as a modern day example of an imperium in imperio.

The modern definition of bureaucracies comes from German sociologist Max Weber who, in the 1920â€™s, defined bureaucracies as any system of administration conducted by trained professionals according to fix rules. And, although Weber considered bureaucracies necessary in a modern world, he also warned that bureaucratization was a threat to individual freedoms where individuals would be trap in a soulless â€œiron cageâ€ of rule-based controls.

Bureaucracies are also characterized by unrelenting growth. In the United States, the original bureaucracy of the Federal Government consisted of only the employees of three small departments; State, Treasury and War. Today the Federal Branch employs nearly 3 million people. The old Soviet KGB employed one officer for every 428 citizens. In todayâ€™s â€œfreerâ€ Russia the FSB employs one officer for every 297 citizens.

Tocqueville forewarned, back in 1835, of a degrading despotic democracy of â€œsmall complicated rulesâ€; imagine what he would say today. During the last few years of the George W. Bush administration regulations increased dramatically, and in the first seven years of the Obama Administration over 20,600 new regulations were added for an estimated regulatory cost burden in excess of $100 billion annually.

Conceptually, government regulations represent a way for people to give up managing their own affairs and turn those affairs over to a government agency.

According to Tocqueville, a byproduct of turning over the management of our affairs to a government institution is that we become incompetent to choose good leaders. Thus, government regulations would ruin the American experiment by combining the vices of those who govern with the weaknesses of the governed.

This regulatory paternalism embodies the philosophy that people cannot be trusted to make good decisions, requiring government to impose its judgement over the voluntary decisions that represent our needs and preferences. Yes, some regulations are necessary and inherent to the rule of law. Regulations to protect children and those unable to make reasonable judgements are essential. But regulatory policy should be viewed with extraordinary suspicion and used frugally.

Fortunately, we seem to have finally understood that the soft despotism of regulations undermines the very concept of personal responsibility. In January 2017, President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order requiring government agencies to slash two regulations for every new regulation put in place. The President has now reported a success ratio of 22 regulations eliminated for every new one enacted.

The measure is being touted as an economic success. It is much more than that. It is a restoration of personal freedoms.

Please let us know if you

this article.

We welcome your feedback.
Abrazos,
Lily & JosÃ©
(click on the name to email Lily or Jose)

This article was originally published in English in the Miami Herald and in Spanish in El Nuevo Herald.

JosÃ© Azel, Ph.D.

JosÃ© Azel left Cuba in 1961 as a 13 year-old political exile in what has been dubbed Operation Pedro Pan - the largest unaccompanied child refugee movement in the history of the Western Hemisphere.

He is currently dedicated to the in-depth analyses of Cuba's economic, social and political state, with a keen interest in post-Castro-Cuba strategies. Formerly, a Senior Scholar at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS) at the University of Miami, Jose Azel has published extensively on Cuba related topics.

In 2012 and 2015, Dr. Azel testified in the U.S. Congress on U.S.-Cuba Policy, and U.S. National Security. He is a frequent speaker and commentator on these and related topics on local, national and international media. He holds undergraduate and masters degrees in business administration and a Ph.D. in International Affairs from the University of Miami.

JosÃ© along with his wife Lily are avid skiers and adventure travelers. In recent years they have climbed Grand Teton in Wyoming, trekked Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and Machu Pichu in Peru. They have also hiked in Tibet and in the Himalayas to Mt. Everest Base Camp.

They cycled St. James Way (El Camino de Santiago de Compostela) and cycled alongside the Danube from Germany to Hungary. They have scuba dived in the Bay Islands off the Honduran coast.

Their adventurers are normally dedicated to raise funds for causes that are dear to them.

Watch Joe & Lily summit Kilimanjaro.

Books by Dr. JosÃ© Azel

In Reflections on Freedom, JosÃ© Azel brings together a collection of his columns published in prestigious newspapers. Each article reveals his heartfelt and personal awareness of the importance of freedom in our lives. They are his reflections after nearly sixty years of living and learning as a Cuban outside Cuba. In what has become his stylistic trademark, Professor Azel brilliantly introduces complex topics in brief journalistic articles.
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En Reflexiones sobre la libertad JosÃ© Azel reÃºne una colecciÃ³n de sus columnas publicadas en prestigiosos periÃ³dicos. Cada artÃculo revela su percepciÃ³n sincera y personal de la importancia de la libertad en nuestras vidas. Son sus reflexiones despuÃ©s de casi sesenta aÃ±os viviendo y aprendiendo como cubano fuera de Cuba. En lo que ha resultado ser caracterÃstica distintiva de sus artÃculos, el Profesor Azel introduce con brillantez complejos temas en breves artÃculos de carÃ¡cter periodÃstico.
Compre Aqui

MaÃ±ana in Cuba is a comprehensive analysis of contemporary Cuba with an incisive perspective of the Cuban frame of mind and its relevancy for Cuba's future.
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Pedazos y VacÃos is a collection of poems written in by Dr. Azel in his youth. Poems are in Spanish.
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Monday, October 29, 2018

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The Cruelty of Being Voiceless on Freedom

the AZEL

PERSPECTIVE

Commentary on Cuba's Future, U.S. Foreign Policy & Individual Freedoms - Issue 149

The Cruelty of Being Voiceless on Freedom

Forward

The â€œbehavioral despair testâ€ is a clinical protocol often used to measure the effectiveness of antidepressants under development.

One variation of the despair test goes something like this: Rats are placed inside a glass tube filled with water where the rats struggle unsuccessfully to climb out of the tube. Typically, after fifteen minutes, the rats give up and become lethargic just floating in the water waiting for the inevitable drowning.

The experiment is repeated with other rats but this time, after fourteen minutes, just before the rats go into their lethargic despair, they are pulled out of the water. These rats that are saved from despair are then dried, fed and allowed to rest before being put back in the water. This second time the rats struggle longer, typically twenty minutes, before giving up in despair.

Scientist explain that for these rats, the memory of past success, when they were pulled out of the water, triggers some biochemical mechanisms that give the rats â€œhopeâ€ and thus they struggle longer before succumbing.

Arguably, rats do not experience hope or despair, and any anthropomorphic implications are subjective, but I bring up the behavioral despair test to highlight the cruelty we induce when we introduce false hope in human expectations.

Such false hopes were introduced in the U.S.-Cuba policy debate by President Obama and his supporters with the Presidentâ€™s visit to Cuba in 2016. The reestablishment of diplomatic relations with the Castro regime raised hopes in that tragic Island that a rapprochement with the United States would bring about economic prosperity and some degree of political freedom. Neither prosperity nor freedom has followed, and the Cuban population is again succumbing in despair.

But, why blame the Obama Administration for trying a new approach? After all, the policy of isolating the Castro regime had not been successful in promoting freedom for the Cuban people. The problem was that the change in policy was accompanied by a reluctance to give voice to the demands for freedom in Cuba. It signified a tacit acceptance of the despotic Cuban regime. Supporters of the engagement policy restrained themselves from saying or doing anything that would upset the Castro government.

It is not a question of how the United States should formulate its foreign policy, but of whether we give voice to the aspiration for freedom, or we elect to be voiceless. Peoples do not choose to tyrannize themselves. Being silent on the human desire for freedom is an act of cruelty.

The legitimation of the Castro regime brought about by the Obamaâ€™s Administration did violence to Cuban aspirations for freedom. It failed to acknowledge that without political rights economic changes lack a lasting foundation. Similar to what the rat subjects experience in the â€œbehavioral despair test,â€ such changes are not rights, but permits subject to manipulations by the experimenter, or in this case by the Cuban government.

As a new leadership generation emerges in Cuba, it is necessary to reestablish the fundamental premise of the necessity of freedom for human happiness. For the Cuban people, the answer to their lethargic despair is not some form of Castro-light governance where they can struggle unsuccessfully a little longer in a new experimental glass tube. They can only climb out of their communitarian test tube once there is a citizenry free to exercise its political and economic rights.

For Cuba, it will be a perilous transition. Democracy demands far more virtue from its citizens than a totalitarian regime. In top-down governance the citizenryâ€™s desire to act according to its desires is restricted by fear or force. In a democracy, where authority originates with the people, the only restriction is the peopleâ€™s willingness to submit to public authority.

As the Founding Fathers argued during the establishment of the United States; without virtue and self-sacrifice, republics fall apart. Or, as Alexander Hamilton put it: â€œGive all power to the many, they will oppress the few. Give all power to the few they will oppress the many.â€ Thus national success hinges on our defense of self-determination. We should never be voiceless on freedom.

Please let us know if you

this article.

This article was originally published in English in the Miami Herald and in Spanish in El Nuevo Herald.

Watch Joe & Lily summit Kilimanjaro.

MaÃ±ana in Cuba is a comprehensive analysis of contemporary Cuba with an incisive perspective of the Cuban frame of mind and its relevancy for Cuba's future.
Buy now