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The Legitimate Role of Government

the AZEL

PERSPECTIVE

Commentary on Cuba's Future, U.S. Foreign Policy & Individual Freedoms - Issue 402 B
 
José Azel's latest books "On Freedom" and "Sobre La Libertad" are now available on Amazon. 
The Legitimate Role of Government
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What is the legitimate role of government?  How much government is necessary?
In the United States, the first of these questions was fundamentally answered by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. – That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed…” That is, the legitimate role of government is to protect the rights of its citizens.
 
As to how much government is necessary, the U.S. Constitution elaborates by granting Congress taxing and spending authority for some specified activities such as, to pay government debts and provide for the common defense and the general welfare. Much of what government spends today is outside its constitutionally granted authority. Jefferson was prescient, “The natural progress of things is for the government to gain ground and for liberty to yield.”
 
At the beginning of twentieth century, the average U.S. taxpayer paid a total of $60 in federal, state, and local taxes. By 2018, the average American family paid $15,748 in taxes to federal, state, and local governments.
 
The chief rationalization for this growth of government -and its reach- is that we desire for government to be helpful to the disadvantaged. We have come to believe that government should help the poor, the elderly, provide healthcare, education, help businesses, and much more. Two major issues with this belief are: (1) Government does not have constitutional authority for most of these activities and (2), government has no financial resources of its own to pay for them.
 
This means that government has to confiscate monies from some individuals to give it to others. In this short column, I must set aside the difficult philosophical question this confiscation raises: Is it moral to forcibly use one person to serve the needs of another?  Yet, if the fundamental function of government is to secure the rights and freedoms of individual citizens, confiscation of the citizenry’s financial resources does not fit the definition.
 
In his 1850 book The Law, political economist Frederick Bastiat makes the case that: “Life, Liberty, and property do not exist because men have made laws. On the contrary, it was the fact that life, liberty, and property existed beforehand that caused men to make laws in the first place.” In other words, we have natural rights, and a democratic government is just a group of citizens hired to protect those rights, and to perform functions authorized by the citizenry.
 
Undemocratic governments have no use for a political culture of compromise.  On this topic, consider the contrast, between the American and French Revolutions.  Colonial experience had provided Americans with an appreciation for the give-and-take of representative government. The French, untrained on representative government, relied mostly on violent action with tragic consequences.
 
The guiding philosopher of the French Revolution, Jean-Jacques Rousseau claimed, in his theory of the General Will, that there is a discernable collective will for the people as a whole. Dictatorial regimes always fancy themselves as the agents of this general will and reject the idea of political compromise. During the revolution, French patriots, unlearned in democracy, chose to conspire and scheme against each other rather than seeking to reach political compromises.
 
American Founding Fathers did not stive for a collective will. Instead, they sought compromise in their political divergence.  John Adams noted in an 1814 letter to Thomas Jefferson, “Nothing can be conceived more destructive of human happiness; more infallibly contrived to transform Men and Women into Brutes…than a Community of Wives and Property.” Adams goes on to tell Jefferson that he thinks philosophers like Rousseau are mad.
 
But it was James Madison who made clearest the reasons for government: “If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary.” We are not angels, nor are we governed by angels.

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Abrazos,

Lily & José

(click on the name to email Lily or Jose)
José Azel, Ph.D.

José Azel left Cuba in 1961 as a 13 year-old political exile in what has been dubbed Operation Pedro Pan - the largest unaccompanied child refugee movement in the history of the Western Hemisphere.  

He is currently dedicated to the in-depth analyses of Cuba's economic, social and political state, with a keen interest in post-Castro-Cuba strategies. Dr. Azel was a Senior Scholar at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS) at the University of Miami, Jose Azel has published extensively on Cuba related topics.

In 2012 and 2015, Dr. Azel testified in the U.S. Congress on U.S.-Cuba Policy, and U.S. National Security.  He is a frequent speaker and commentator on these and related topics on local, national and international media.  He holds undergraduate and masters degrees in business administration and a Ph.D. in International Affairs from the University of Miami.

José along with his wife Lily are avid skiers and adventure travelers.  In recent years they have climbed Grand Teton in Wyoming, trekked Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and Machu Pichu in Peru.  They have also hiked in Tibet and in the Himalayas to Mt. Everest Base Camp.

They cycled St. James Way (
El Camino de Santiago de Compostela) and cycled alongside the Danube from Germany to Hungary and throughout southern France.  They have scuba dived in the Bay Islands off the Honduran coast and in the Galapagos Islands. Most recently, they rafted for 17 days 220 miles in the Grand Canyon. 

Their adventurers are normally dedicated to raise funds for causes that are dear to them. 

Watch Joe & Lily summit Kilimanjaro.

Books by Dr. José Azel
José Azel’s writings are touched with the wisdom of a master, and the charm of an excellent communicator. Anyone who wishes to understand why countries do, or do not, progress will find in this book the best explanations. And, from these readings emerge numerous inferences: How and why do the good intentions of leftist collectivism lead countries to hell? Why is liberty not a sub product of prosperity, but rather one of its causes?

If it was in my power, this work would be required reading for all college and university students, and I would also recommend its reading to all politicians, journalists, and policymakers. With his writings Azel accomplishes what was achieved in France by Frédéric Bastiat, and in the United States by Henry Hazlitt: Azel brings together common sense with intelligent observation, and academic substance. Stupendous,

Carlos Alberto Montaner
                                                                   BUY NOW
Los escritos de José Azel están tocados por la sabiduría de un maestro y la amenidad de un excelente comunicador. Cualquiera que desee entender por qué los países progresan, o no, encontrará en este libro las mejores explicaciones. De estas lecturas surgen numerosas inferencias: ¿Cómo y por qué las buenas intenciones del colectivismo de izquierda llevan a los países al infierno? ¿Por qué la libertad no es un subproducto de la prosperidad, sino una de sus causas?

Si estuviera en mis manos, esta obra sería de obligada lectura de todos los estudiantes universitarios, pero además, le recomendaría su lectura a todos los políticos, periodistas y policy makers. Con sus escritos Azel logra lo que Frédéric Bastiat consiguiera en Francia y Henry Hazlitt en Estados Unidos: aunar el sentido común, la observación inteligente y la enjundia académica. Estupendo.

Carlos Alberto Montaner
                                                           Compre Aqui
"Liberty for beginners is much more than what the title promises. It is eighty themes touched with the wisdom of a master, and the charm of an excellent communicator. Anyone that wishes to understand why countries do, or do not progress, will find in this book the best explanations. Stupendous"

Carlos Alberto Montaner

"Libertad para novatos es mucho más de lo que promete el título. Son ochenta temas tocados con la sabiduría de un maestro y la amenidad de un excelente comunicador. Cualquier adulto que desee saber por qué progresan o se estancan los pueblos aquí encontrará las mejores explicaciones. Estupendo."

Carlos Alberto Montaner

Compre Aqui

In Reflections on FreedomJosé Azel brings together a collection of his columns published in prestigious newspapers.  Each article reveals his heartfelt and personal awareness of the importance of freedom in our lives.  They are his reflections after nearly sixty years of living and learning as a Cuban outside Cuba. In what has become his stylistic trademark, Professor Azel brilliantly introduces complex topics in brief journalistic articles.
En Reflexiones sobre la libertad José Azel reúne una colección de sus columnas publicadas en prestigiosos periódicos. Cada artículo revela su percepción sincera y personal de la importancia de la libertad en nuestras vidas. Son sus reflexiones después de casi sesenta años viviendo y aprendiendo como cubano fuera de Cuba.  En lo que ha resultado ser característica distintiva de sus artículos, el Profesor Azel introduce con brillantez complejos temas en  breves artículos de carácter periodístico.
Mañana in Cuba is a comprehensive analysis of contemporary Cuba with an incisive perspective of the Cuban frame of mind and its relevancy for Cuba's future.
Pedazos y Vacíos is a collection of poems written in by Dr. Azel in his youth. Poems are in Spanish.

Cuba Brief

 

Cuban dictatorship organized a “Tribute to the State Security Organs" on 66th anniversary of founding the secret police. Setting the record straight. [ Updated ]

The Cuban dictatorship organized a “Tribute to the State Security Organs“, on the occasion of the 66th anniversary of the founding of their secret police apparatus on March 26, 1959 with an early morning formal event that was followed by a social-media campaign with the hashtags #SoldadosDelSilencio ( #SoldiersOfSilence ) and #CubaSegura ( #CubaSafe).
 
However, the Cuban state security services since its founding in 1959 has always projected itself abroad, and interfered in the foreign affairs of other countries, including the United States, and it continues to the present day. In June 2024 the Office of Director of National Intelligence reported that Havana attempted to affect midterm elections in Florida in 2022, and would do so again in 2024. Beyond subverting U.S. elections Havana’s state security organs have carried out deadly operations against American civilians, and they are not shy about celebrating the spies who provided information and resources that got U.S. citizens killed.
The Cuban regime was also highlighting members of the WASP network, and spinning their history of espionage, and murder conspiracy that led to the murder of three American citizens, and one U.S. resident in international airspace on February 24, 1996 requires setting the record straight.
 

FACT CHECK

On Saturday, September 12, 1998, the FBI dismantled the largest Cuban spy ring ever discovered in the United States. Ten people were charged with being Cuban spies. The regime in Cuba has spent 27 years attempting to airbrush this past.

The ten members of the WASP network captured were:  GERARDO HERNANDEZ, 31 (alias Manuel Viramontes), the spymaster; FERNANDO GONZALEZ, 33 (alias Ruben Campa), and RAMON LABANINO, 30 (alias Luis Medina), another Cuban intelligence officer. The remaining seven were mid-level or junior agents who passed their reports to one of these three senior agents. Included were ANTONIO GUERRERO, 39, who observed aircraft landings at the Boca Chica Naval Air Station from his job as a sheet-metal worker there; ALEJANDRO ALONSO, 39, a boat pilot; and RENE GONZALEZ, 42, a skilled aircraft pilot and the only Cuban national among these seven. Both joined the Democracy Movement to report on its nonviolent activities against the Castro regime. Two married couples, all American citizens, also worked in the spy network: NILO and LINDA HERNANDEZ, ages 44 and 41 respectively, and JOSEPH and AMARYLIS SANTOS, both 39.

JUAN PABLO ROQUE, an eleventh spy also charged and linked to the 1996 Brothers to the Rescue shoot down, had already fled to Cuba, a day before Cuban MiGs launched missiles destroying two planes, and killing four. Three others identified as John Does were also charged. He was also an FBI informant who gave false information to federal agents.

Five defendants, Alejandro AlonzoNilo Hernandez and Linda HernandezJoseph Santos and Amarylis Santos, accepted plea bargains and cooperated with prosecutors. These five Cuban spies provided information about the other five.

The other five spies eventually went on trial. The trial revealed that the Cuban spy ring was engaged in both espionage, terrorism, and facilitated the extrajudicial killing of three U.S. citizens and a U.S. resident.

The Wasp Network engaged in espionage: infiltrated two non-violent exile groups, provided information that led to the extrajudicial killings of Armando Alejandre, Carlos Costa, Mario de la Peña and Pablo Morales on February 24, 1996, targeted U.S. military facilities, planned to smuggle arms and explosives into the United States, and carried out other active measures to sow division, shape public opinion, and meddle in U.S. elections.

The Cuban spy network gathered personal information on American military personnel, “compiling the names, home addresses, and medical files of the top officers of the United States Southern Command as well as hundreds of officers stationed at Boca Chica Naval Station in Key West.”

The spies had received orders from Havana to burn down an airport hangar, sabotage planes, first terrorize with warnings that he was “nearing execution,” and then send a mail bomb to murder a CIA operative identified as Jesus Cruza Flor who lived in Bal Harbour.

The five who refused to make a deal.

On June 8, 2001, the five Wasp defendants who had not entered into plea bargains were found guilty on all counts. In December 2001, three of the spies were sentenced to life in prison for conspiracy to commit espionage. Gerardo Hernandez and Ramon Labanino, both Cuban nationals, and Antonio Guerrero, a U.S. citizen, were sentenced to life in prison. Fernando Gonzalez and Rene Gonzalez, both Cuban nationals, were sentenced to 19 and 10 years in prison for conspiracy and operating as unregistered agents of a foreign power, respectively.

Five Cuban spies who made a deal.

The five who pleaded guilty to one count of acting as unregistered agents of a foreign power and cooperated received lesser sentences: Alejandro AlonsoNilo Hernandez, and Linda Hernandez were sentenced to seven years in prison, Joseph Santos was sentenced to four years, and Amarylis Santos was sentenced to three and a half years.

Cuban spy convicted of murder conspiracy freed by President Obama in 2014

Gerardo Hernandez, the head of the network was convicted of murder conspiracy and espionage and condemned to a double life sentence. President Obama commuted Hernandez’s double life sentence on December 17, 2014, as part of the concessions made in the effort to normalize relations between Cuba and the United States.

Gerardo Hernández was promoted to Deputy National Coordinator of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR) in April 2020, tasked with monitoring neighborhood committees to spy on all Cubans on the island. He was also appointed to the Castro dictatorship’s Council of State, the 31-member body that oversees day-to-day life on the island, on December 17, 2020.

Cuban spy Gerardo Hernandez and Watam Jamil Alabed of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

This picture of Gerardo Hernandez Nordelo and Watam Jamil Alabed taken in May 2022. Although Watam Jamil Alabed is portrayed by Havana as a young Palestinian doctor  who studied in Cuba, his own statementmade on May 2, 2022 in Havana at the the “International Meeting of Solidarity with Cuba” offers a better understanding of the “education” the Cuban dictatorship is providing youth who study in Cuba.

“Thanks to Cuba we learn to not just be doctors; but to give this doctor a surname to follow Che’s example in his revolutionary, warrior and internationalist character. … Today we reiterate our position with just causes, with Cuba, with Venezuela, with Nicaragua, Sahara, our right to resistance with all permitted methods and by all means and that we learned from the commander in chief Fidel Castro, guerrilla struggle and armed resistance will continue until the Zionist prisons are emptied of Palestinian prisoners, and all of Palestine down to the last grain of sand is liberated to have a democratic and socialist Palestine.”

This is not an over statement, Havana under the Castro regime, has trained and provided logistical support to Palestinian guerrillas and terrorists beginning in the early 1960s, and continues to do so to the present day.  The Cuban dictatorship has been supporting Islamist terrorists and spreading anti-Semitic tropes for decades.

Havana is also supporting Vladimir Putin’s war in Ukraine. It is not a coincidence that Gerardo Hernández was in Moscow on May 31, 2023, leaving a wreath on a monument to Fidel Castro.

Providing context

The 2009 book Betrayal: Clinton, Castro & The Cuban Five by Matt Lawrence, and Thomas Van Hare provides a compendium of the evidence. It exposes the facts about what happened and who knew prior to the murder of three Americans and one legal resident. All were volunteers out to save the lives of fleeing refugees. Below is a video introduction to the book by Matt Lawrence, one of the authors. Lawrence had volunteered his time, and flown search and rescue for Brothers to the Rescue.

The Brothers to the Rescue shoot down on February 24, 1996, and the influence operation conducted by Ana Belen Montes to direct blame away from the Castro regime, and onto the victims, drew the attention of investigators, and in September 2001 led to the arrest of this spy for Havana working in a sensitive position at the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) in the Pentagon. This is also explored in the book by Lawrence and Van Hare.

State security murders fleeing Cubans

On July 13, 2022, Jorge A. Garcia, a Cuban writer and journalist who lost 14 family members in the massacre, gave an account of what transpired that early morning in 1994.

It was not an accident as the spokesmen of the dictatorship usually claim on this date. I still have very fresh in my mind the testimony of the survivors and the results of my investigations about what happened that dark night of July 13, 1994, at 3:50 in the morning, seven miles from the Havana seawall: Under the command of Division General Senén Casas Regueiro, the regime carried out a macabre punishment with the support of three vessels Polargo 2, 3, and 5 (mostly manned by undercover soldiers). Using pressurized water jets and heavy rolls, they sank the tugboat 13 de Marzo with 68 people on board. Despite the plea of the victims, many without knowing how to swim, thrust into the sea and surrounded by sharks, the murderous ships left the scene without providing help. The genocide left a toll of 37 dead (10 children included) and 31 survivors. The bodies were never returned to their families to give them a Christian burial.

In the January 20, 1998, Nightline special “Crossing the Divide,” Jorge was interviewed about how he learned the news of the full extent of his loss. “When I asked my daughter, ‘What about Juan Mario?’ ‘Papa, he’s lost.’ ‘And Joel?’ ‘Papa, he’s lost.’ ‘And Ernesto?’ ‘Papa, he’s lost.’ And then we knew that other members of the family were all lost, 14 in all.

His daughter, María Victoria Garcia, was one of three family members who survived the slaughter. Among the dead were her brother Joel García Suárez (24), husband Ernesto Alfonso Loureiro (25), and son Juan Mario Gutiérrez García (10).

María Victoria refused to support the false regime narrative. “I told the colonel that it had not been an accident, that they sank us,” she said in an interview with Voces de Cuba nine years ago, recalling her immediate reaction. Her father, Jorge Garcia, revealed that when she spoke out, the young widow had been the subject of assassination attempts. “They tried on several occasions to kill my daughter, because she was the first to speak out and contradict the regime’s official narrative.

Father and daughter fled Cuba out of the well-grounded fear that after the broadcast of their interviews on Nightline, they would either be jailed or killed. Jorge A. Garcia published in 2001 an extensive investigation in Spanish on “The Sinking of the 13 De Marzo Tugboat.” Both passed away in 2024 due to natural causes, after enduring years of post-traumatic stress disorder.

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on October 16, 1996 published a report on the merits about the tugboat massacre that is available online.

State security murders Cuban dissident leaders

Rosa María Payá spoke at the 8th Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy on February 23, 2016, about the July 22, 2012, incident involving her father, Oswaldo Payá, and friend Harold Cepero.

On July 22, 2012, my father was extrajudicially executed by agents of the political police, together with my dear friend Harold Cepero, staging a car crash that never took place, in a location of Cuba that remains to be determined. Not satisfied with this double crime, my family was threatened with death… In the summer of 2015, a special report was released by the Human Rights Foundation, where all evidence indicates that this was a crime against humanity, with the involvement of Cuban authorities. We’ll never give up on justice, because there can be no reconciliation without the recognition of the whole truth. A nation that pretends to forget the violence against its innocent people will remain a captive nation. And it will be a nation condemned to suffer such violence over and over again.

On June 12, 2023 the Inter-American Commission on Human Rightspublished their report on the merits that found Cuban government state security agents responsible for the deaths of the two pro-democracy leaders and Christian Liberation Movement leaders.

State terrorism

On May 17, 2012 the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere in the U.S. Congress’s Committee on Foreign Affairs held a hearing on “Cuba’s Global Network of Terrorism, Intelligence, and Warfare.” Among the experts who spoke at the hearing was Mr. Christopher Simmons, founding editor of Cuba Confidential, an online blog and source for news on Cuban espionage worldwide. He is an international authority on the Cuban Intelligence Service and retired from the Defense Intelligence Agency with over 23 years of experience as a counterintelligence officer, and played an important role in the capture of Ana Belen Montes.

Simmons ended his presentation outlining and summarizing the high profile act of state terrorism that killed four Cuban Americans in an operation conducted on orders from highest levels of the Castro regime.

“Last, but not least, of the highlighted issues, I’d like to address Operation Scorpion which was addressed earlier as a shoot down of Brothers to the Rescue. While this mission on February 24, 1996 predates the other information I discussed, it is important because this act of terrorism involves highest levels of the Castro regime. On February 24, 1996, Cuban MiGs shot down two U.S. search and rescue aircraft in international waters. Code named Operation Scorpion, it was led by General Eduardo Delgado Rodriguez, the current head of Cuban intelligence. It was personally approved by Fidel Castro and supported by Raul Castro, the current President of Cuba. Four Americans were murdered in this act of terrorism.”

The case of the Cuban WASP network and its involvement in the 1996 Brothers to the Rescue shoot down conspiracy, and plotting to terrorize and murder a retired U.S. intelligence agent underscored once again the terrorist nature of the Cuban dictatorship on the international scene.

 
 

Origins of the security apparatus 

Peruvian author and journalist Alvaro Vargas Llosa in his 2005 essay “The Killing Machine“, published by The Independent Institue described the emergence of this repressive apparatus in 1959.
 
“Che’s obsession with collectivist control led him to collaborate on the formation of the security apparatus that was set up to subjugate six and a half million Cubans. In early 1959, a series of secret meetings took place in Tarará, near Havana, at the mansion to which Che temporarily withdrew to recover from an illness. That is where the top leaders, including Castro, designed the Cuban police state. Ramiro Valdés, Che’s subordinate during the guerrilla war, was put in charge of G-2, a body modeled on the Cheka. Angel Ciutah, a veteran of the Spanish Civil War sent by the Soviets who had been very close to Ramón Mercader, Trotsky’s assassin, and later befriended Che, played a key role in organizing the system, together with Luis Alberto Lavandeira, who had served the boss at La Cabaña.”
The three men responsible for overseeing “the state security organs” were Fidel Castro Ruz, Ramiro Valdés Menéndez and Manuel Piñeiro Lozada, also known as “Barba Roja” (Red Beard in English). Ramiro Valdés underwent espionage training in Czechoslovakia in 1960 while traveling with Raúl Castro’s delegation.
As Deputy Minister of the Interior from 1961 to 1974,  Manuel Piñeirooversaw the state security system that inserted spies into the Cuban exile movement in the United States and shielded Fidel Castro and other Cuban officials from assassination attempts. In that capacity, he oversaw the creation of the internal security agencies that kept an eye on and harshly suppressed any domestic dissent to Fidel Castro’s governance. He then headed up the Americas branch of the Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party’s international affairs department.
 
Known unofficially as the “Ministry of Revolution,” it provided a rear base, money, information, weapons, and advice to scores of leftist guerrilla and terrorist groups in Latin America that sought to emulate the Cuban communist model. In the early 1960s thousands of Latin Americans traveled to Cuba to obtain training in guerilla warfare.  Piñeiro spent several months in Managua serving as an adviser to the new Sandinista regime, a role that its officials privately characterized as vital when the Sandinista National Liberation Front defeated Anastasio Somoza’s government in Nicaragua in 1979. The early 1980s saw a surge in activity, with  Piñeiro assisting in the planning and leadership of revolutionary movements in Grenada, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Colombia, reported the New York Times obituary in 1998. Piñeiro allegedly died in a car accident after leaving the Mexican Embassy in Havana on March 12, 1998.
 
Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, a July 26th hardliner, was Minister of the Interior on two occasions from 1961 to 1968 and from 1979 to 1985.
 

Afro-Cuban scholar Carlos Moore, who “met”  Ramiro Valdés in 1962 offered the following observation of Commander Valdes in 2010:

Ramiro Valdés was an inflexible, totalitarian and brutal person. He was the most feared man in Cuba. The repressive policies of the regime were crafted by him. Valdés struck fear into the hearts of Cubans (even revolutionary ones). Today, he apparently continues to be the same dogmatic, sectarian and brutal person he was at the height of his power, but he is no longer the powerful figure that he used to be.

Fidel Castro had been unhappy with rising dissent in the second half of the 1970s, and blamed it on the state security services getting soft, he returned Valdés to his old post, replacing his successor Sergio del Valle Jiminez, in 1979. Valle Jimenez became Cuba’s health minister from 1979 to 1986.
 
Ramiro Valdés went to Venezuela in 2010 supposedly to address the then already existing electricity crisis In February of 2010  Ramiro Valdes, then age 77, was hired “as a consultant for that country’s energy crisis.” Even then he was viewed by some Cuba experts as “the No. 3 man in the Cuban hierarchy.”  Valdes in 2010 was the Vice President of the Council of State and Minister of Communications in the Cuban government. His role in Communications was figuring out in 2007 a way to muzzle the internet, what he called a “wild colt of new technologies.”
 
Ramiro Valdés is 92 years old, and remains active in the dictatorship today.
 
What was left out of the social media campaign?
What is left out of their social media campaign is the role played by Havana’s spy services beginning in the early years of the revolution, when Cuba had normal diplomatic relations with the United States [and Washington maintained a policy of patience and forbearance ], during which systematic efforts were carried out by the Castro regime to overthrow governments in Latin America in order to expand communist power and influence throughout the hemisphere, and to engage with drug trafficking networks to make them more effective in order to increase the flow of drugs into the United States, and help undermine the Soviet Union’s main adversary.
 
Some inconvenient truths for both Havana and Washington
Fulgencio Batista’s rule was undermined by Washington
Washington imposed a U.S. arms embargo on Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in the spring of 1958 [ responding to a request by Fidel Castro’s July 26th Movement], and Washington pressured the Cuban dictator to leave. US Ambassador to Cuba Earl E. T. Smith delivered a messagefrom the State Department to Cuban strongman Batista on December 17, 1958 that the United States viewed “with skepticism any plan on his part, or any intention on his part, to remain in Cuba indefinitely.”

Fulgencio Batista fled Cuba on January 1, 1959, taking all by surprise, it took Fidel Castro seven days to arrive in Havana on January 8th.

Washington recognized and backed the Castro brothers.

On January 7, 1959 the United States recognized the revolutionary regimeushered in by the Castro brothers. [ In comparison it had taken the United States 17 days to recognize the government of Fulgencio Batista following his March 10, 1952 coup. The United States had not been consulted ahead of time about Batista’s coup and Washington offered to back the ousted democratic president Carlos Prio, but the last democratically elected president of Cuba at the time initially refused to resist the coup.]

Ambassador Earl E. T. Smith was replaced as U.S. Ambassador to Cuba by Philip W. Bonsal in January 1959 who counseled Washington for the first year of the Castro regime to pursue a policy of patience and forbearance with the consolidating communist dictatorship.

Vice President Richard Nixon met with Fidel Castro for three hours on April 19, 1959 at the Vice President’s formal office in the U.S. Capitol.

What was Havana doing during this honeymoon?

During the first year of the Castro regime, despite numerous provocations, the United States through its Ambassador Philip W. Bonsal continued the policy of patience and forbearance. This did not slow down Havana’s full embrace of the Soviet Union. Washington did not push Havana into Moscow’s orbit.

The Ministry of State Security of the German Democratic Republic (MGB GDR) founded on February 8, 1950 is known as the Stasi. The German Democratic Republic is better known as East Germany.

“The Stasi’s first major task abroad was in Cuba, after Fidel Castro and Vice Premier Anastas Mikoyan signed the Soviet-Cuban pact on February 13, 1960, officially placing Cuba in the Soviet bloc. As Soviet arms shipments began, Mielke sent a number of Stasi officers of General Wolf’s HVA to Havana. Led by Colonel Siegfried Fiedler, they assisted in setting up what became a first-rate intelligence service and an oppressive secret police. As a result Cuba’s relations with East Germany developed as closely as those with the Soviet Union. Intelligence gathered in the United States by the Cubans was routinely shared with the Stasi. Much of the information contained in the dossier the Stasi maintained on President Ronald Reagan, for example, originated with the Cubans.” Source: Pg 297 “Stasi: the untold story of the East German secret police” by John O. Koehler
 
Washington recognizes the Castro regime as a threat, and begins plotting to replace it.
On March 16, 1960 the Eisenhower Administration prepared a paper “to bring about the replacement of the Castro regime” via covert means. This would materialize in April of 1961 in what would become known as the Bay of Pigs invasion.

First U.S. economic sanctions imposed on Cuba.

The Eisenhower State Department in response to the above actions publicly imposed the first trade embargo on Cuba on October 19, 1960, and it “covered all U.S. exports to Cuba except for medicine and some foods.” In October 1960, Ambassador Bonsal was ordered home from Cuba for “indefinite consultation,” and never returned. It took 21 months, and 18 days of hostile actions by Havana for Washington to respond with sanctions.

  • On November 19, 1960 Ernesto “Che” Guevara headed a Cuban delegation to Beijing that met with Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and other high ranking Chinese officials and discussed revolutionary objectives in Latin America. This included the prospects for communist revolution in the Western Hemisphere.
  • On January 3, 1961 Fidel Castro communicated with the Eisenhower Administration demanding the expulsion of 67 U.S. diplomats, within 48 hours, reducing their number to 11, the same number at the Cuban embassy in Washington DC. The Americans had over 50,000 visa applications to process when the ultimatum was delivered. Tens of thousands of Cubans were lined up outside of the U.S. embassy in Havana seeking visas to flee the new dictatorship.
  • On January 3, 1961 at 8:30 p.m. EST President Eisenhower issued a statement stating: “There is a limit to what the United States in self respect can endure. That limit has now been reached,” and severed diplomatic relations with Cuba.

This blog has posted entries on the Bay of Pigs, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and the 1966 Tricontinental meeting in Havana that spawned terrorists networks, sponsored by Havana, around the world.