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Commentary on Cuba's Future

the AZEL

PERSPECTIVE

Commentary on Cuba's Future, U.S. Foreign Policy & Individual Freedoms - Issue 428 B
 
José Azel's latest books "On Freedom" and "Sobre La Libertad" are now available on Amazon. 

What Makes a Government Legitimate? (Previously published)

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This is a trick question: What makes a government legitimate? Most of us will immediately reach out to the democratic answer that the legitimacy of a government is granted by the consent of the people in some form of majority rule.

But, if a mechanical voting procedure is the answer, then most governments are illegitimate. According to the 2016 Democracy Index of The Economist Intelligence Unit, only 19 countries, out of the 167 studied, can be considered as fully democratic. It is also important to remember that Adolf Hitler and other despots have received vote majorities. 

Moreover, if the consent of the people is the determinant of a government’s legitimacy, this begs policy questions such as: Should we be doing business, or having diplomatic relations with illegitimate governments? Or more philosophically fundamental: Is democracy required for a government to be legitimate? 

Here I will tackle only the core normative question: What makes a government legitimate? To be clear, the question is not about a government’s authority. Despotic governments exercise authority without being legitimate. 

The modern “consent of the governed” theory for the legitimacy of government begins with British philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) who argued in his Second Treatise that no government is legitimate unless it is carried out with the consent of the governed, and that consent can only be rendered through majority rule. Therefore, if a government violates fundamental rights, Locke was particularly concerned with the rights to property, the people are entitled to replace the government. Less than a century later, Locke’s views were reiterated in the U.S. Declaration of Independence. 

A much older source of government legitimacy is the divine right of kings; a mandate where heaven grants a ruler the right to rule, as in dynasties or monarchies. The monarchy of the House of Saud, which has ruled Saudi Arabia since the 18th century, is a contemporary example. 

The utilitarian concept of “beneficial consequences” is another philosophy used to legitimize a government; in this case, on the basis of utility. In the “beneficial consequences” view, the legitimacy of a government hinges on whether it foments the happiness of the citizenry. 

The undemocratic rule of Chilean General Augusto Pinochet is often offered as an example of the “beneficial consequences” argument. Pinochet assumed power in a coup d’état that overthrew the democratically elected socialist government of Salvador Allende. Pinochet’s military government implemented economic liberalization policies that produced what has been described as the "Miracle of Chile" where the country was, for most of the 1990s, the best-performing economy in Latin America. 

Under this theory, a good outcome, however defined, forms the basis of legitimacy, and democracy is not required for political legitimacy. 

Another proposed source of a government’s legitimacy is rule by virtue or charisma. In Confucianism’s system of moral hierarchy, the emperor is supposed to be the most virtuous man on earth. In Plato’s account, reason and knowledge constitute the basis for claims to political legitimacy, and only philosophers should govern due to their capacity for reasoned understanding. 

Communist states, unable to legitimize their rule on “consent of the governed,” have creatively insisted that their governments’ legitimacy flows from the logic of Marxist ideology. Doctrine is the communist source of legitimacy, making consent of the governed unnecessary. It is a mode of circular thinking where the government legitimizes the government. 

Legitimacy is vital to justify a government’s use of coercive powers, and to create our agreement to obey. Without legitimacy, government exercises power unjustifiably and there is no duty to obey. Only legitimate authority creates an obligation to obey. Legitimacy should be independent of political doctrine, divine right, charisma, virtue, or consequences. 

The question of regime legitimacy turns, not necessarily on any of the above, but on whether the regime protects our natural rights. A government’s role is to create and maintain a rights-respecting society. A government that does not protect our rights is illegitimate. The only legitimate government is one that protects our individual rights; including our right to give consent to be governed. 


Please let us know if you Like Issue 428 B - What Makes a Government Legitimate? on Facebook this article.
We welcome your feedback.
Abrazos,

Lily & José

(click on the name to email Lily or Jose)
José Azel, Ph.D.

José Azel left Cuba in 1961 as a 13 year-old political exile in what has been dubbed Operation Pedro Pan - the largest unaccompanied child refugee movement in the history of the Western Hemisphere.  

He is currently dedicated to the in-depth analyses of Cuba's economic, social and political state, with a keen interest in post-Castro-Cuba strategies. Dr. Azel was a Senior Scholar at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS) at the University of Miami, Jose Azel has published extensively on Cuba related topics.

In 2012 and 2015, Dr. Azel testified in the U.S. Congress on U.S.-Cuba Policy, and U.S. National Security.  He is a frequent speaker and commentator on these and related topics on local, national and international media.  He holds undergraduate and masters degrees in business administration and a Ph.D. in International Affairs from the University of Miami.

José along with his wife Lily are avid skiers and adventure travelers.  In recent years they have climbed Grand Teton in Wyoming, trekked Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and Machu Pichu in Peru.  They have also hiked in Tibet and in the Himalayas to Mt. Everest Base Camp.

They cycled St. James Way (
El Camino de Santiago de Compostela) and cycled alongside the Danube from Germany to Hungary and throughout southern France.  They have scuba dived in the Bay Islands off the Honduran coast and in the Galapagos Islands. Most recently, they rafted for 17 days 220 miles in the Grand Canyon. 

Their adventurers are normally dedicated to raise funds for causes that are dear to them. 

Watch Joe & Lily summit Kilimanjaro.

Books by Dr. José Azel
José Azel’s writings are touched with the wisdom of a master, and the charm of an excellent communicator. Anyone who wishes to understand why countries do, or do not, progress will find in this book the best explanations. And, from these readings emerge numerous inferences: How and why do the good intentions of leftist collectivism lead countries to hell? Why is liberty not a sub product of prosperity, but rather one of its causes?

If it was in my power, this work would be required reading for all college and university students, and I would also recommend its reading to all politicians, journalists, and policymakers. With his writings Azel accomplishes what was achieved in France by Frédéric Bastiat, and in the United States by Henry Hazlitt: Azel brings together common sense with intelligent observation, and academic substance. Stupendous,

Carlos Alberto Montaner
                                                                   BUY NOW
Los escritos de José Azel están tocados por la sabiduría de un maestro y la amenidad de un excelente comunicador. Cualquiera que desee entender por qué los países progresan, o no, encontrará en este libro las mejores explicaciones. De estas lecturas surgen numerosas inferencias: ¿Cómo y por qué las buenas intenciones del colectivismo de izquierda llevan a los países al infierno? ¿Por qué la libertad no es un subproducto de la prosperidad, sino una de sus causas?

Si estuviera en mis manos, esta obra sería de obligada lectura de todos los estudiantes universitarios, pero además, le recomendaría su lectura a todos los políticos, periodistas y policy makers. Con sus escritos Azel logra lo que Frédéric Bastiat consiguiera en Francia y Henry Hazlitt en Estados Unidos: aunar el sentido común, la observación inteligente y la enjundia académica. Estupendo.

Carlos Alberto Montaner
                                                           Compre Aqui
"Liberty for beginners is much more than what the title promises. It is eighty themes touched with the wisdom of a master, and the charm of an excellent communicator. Anyone that wishes to understand why countries do, or do not progress, will find in this book the best explanations. Stupendous"

Carlos Alberto Montaner

"Libertad para novatos es mucho más de lo que promete el título. Son ochenta temas tocados con la sabiduría de un maestro y la amenidad de un excelente comunicador. Cualquier adulto que desee saber por qué progresan o se estancan los pueblos aquí encontrará las mejores explicaciones. Estupendo."

Carlos Alberto Montaner

Compre Aqui

In Reflections on FreedomJosé Azel brings together a collection of his columns published in prestigious newspapers.  Each article reveals his heartfelt and personal awareness of the importance of freedom in our lives.  They are his reflections after nearly sixty years of living and learning as a Cuban outside Cuba. In what has become his stylistic trademark, Professor Azel brilliantly introduces complex topics in brief journalistic articles.
En Reflexiones sobre la libertad José Azel reúne una colección de sus columnas publicadas en prestigiosos periódicos. Cada artículo revela su percepción sincera y personal de la importancia de la libertad en nuestras vidas. Son sus reflexiones después de casi sesenta años viviendo y aprendiendo como cubano fuera de Cuba.  En lo que ha resultado ser característica distintiva de sus artículos, el Profesor Azel introduce con brillantez complejos temas en  breves artículos de carácter periodístico.
Mañana in Cuba is a comprehensive analysis of contemporary Cuba with an incisive perspective of the Cuban frame of mind and its relevancy for Cuba's future.
Pedazos y Vacíos is a collection of poems written in by Dr. Azel in his youth. Poems are in Spanish.
To friend, follow or email author click on the icons below:
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Voice Of The Copts

Voice of the Copts, a nonprofit organization, fights the spread of Islamic supremacy and Sharia throughout the Western world through education, advocacy and action. By drawing attention to the suffering of Coptic Christians in Egypt, it endeavors to educate the Western world as to the chilling effect of Sharia (Islamic law). Founded in 2007 by Dr. Ashraf Ramelah, Voice of the Copts focuses on three key issues: freedom of religion, cultural identity and women’s rights.




The Coptic Church: A priest's interference in a family   

By Dr. Ashraf Ramelah

Some say that a polytheist converts easily to the god of Christianity, The Most-High God, because of familiarity with the realm beyond the carnal. To be saved from the evil matrix of this world, an atheist will find Jesus, the true and living God. However, the spiritual process begun by conversion is captured by the institutional church, which imposes its own politics of legalism, distractions and often corruption. This can become a soul-sucking enterprise for both the new and seasoned follower of Christ. 

When my Orthodox priest refused me communion a few years ago because of my marriage to a Catholic, he was following an order put in place by his authorities to do so. However, not realizing that his hierarchy of elders had already reversed that rule, he was, in fact, out of order. It is now perfectly acceptable. That’s good because it is not biblical to obstruct communion for such a reason. “Equally yoked” in God’s word has nothing to do with denominations but faith in Jesus alone.     

As much as I respect my priest, his most recent behavior has thrown me into a dismal state. A while back, his imagination led him to believe that I was beating my wife. He never approached me with this issue but instead couched his baseless concern in a casual visit to my home where my wife and I gladly received him. When I left the room, he pursued this nonsense and questioned her. She was dumbstruck, and once he left my home, she told me of his absurd accusation.    

A few months ago in mid-week, I messaged my priest requesting a meeting to clear the air with him, make a confession and receive communion. I fully expected to hear a priest’s usual recommendation when such a request is made, specifically, “see you after the mass.” This would have meant that he cared enough to urge me to attend Sunday mass, but oddly, he simply scheduled our meeting for noon. To my mind, this showed his neglect to emphasize the importance of attending mass and a lack of concern. Many Copts would also see it this way. In our meeting, I confronted him with two issues: the first, his visit to my home, and the second, his apparent neglect to allow me communion. He had no comment on both counts.  

Born into a Coptic Christian family in Egypt, I attended an Orthodox church near my home at a very young age. At around 10 years old, I received an invitation from my uncle who visited our home one Sunday. He was a priest in Upper Egypt, and he offered to consecrate me as a church deacon, which I happily accepted. Since that time and throughout my youth, I attended and served at Sunday mass.  

My journey with the Coptic church was interrupted when I left Egypt for Rome and the university. At that time, there was no Coptic church in Italy so instead I attended a nearby Catholic church. When I moved to the US, the closest Coptic church was a one-hour drive, and I began to attend and serve as a deacon. After a few years, I experienced a job change and had to be far from home all week. So, on the weekends I chose to stay home with my family and to leave them on Sunday afternoons to return to work in NYC.   

The Coptic Orthodox Church is “home” to me and was founded on the gospel brought to Egypt by the apostle Mark. I recently contacted an acquaintance of mine who is an Orthodox bishop. I wanted to inform him of these disturbing matters without asking for his intervention. I asked him directly about abuse of power in the church. 

Is it not the duty of a priest when serving and guiding the Christian community to offer an explanation to a believer as to why he is not being served the sacrament of communion? Usually, either penance is offered in response to confession or communion is offered, but never just silence. Where are the teachings of Christ? It is time for the church to return to its biblical origins, pasturing the flock in love and spreading the gospel.  

  

  

Dr. Ashraf Ramelah is the founder and president of Voice of the Copts, a human rights nonprofit organization 501 (c) (3). The organization has offices in Italy and the United States.

Dr. Ramelah is dedicated to the Coptic cause and believes that his life’s mission is to speak up for the oppressed Copts who cannot speak up for themselves.

Dr. Ramelah is well known to the Egyptian government due to his advocacy for the Egyptian Copts as well as for Voice of the Copts’ lawsuit against them on behalf of Muslim convert to Christianity Mr. Hegazy and his family in 2009-2010. Ashraf Ramelah also appears as an entry in the Coptic History Encyclopedia (http://www.coptichistory.org/new_page_5260.htm).

Dr. Ramelah, himself a Copt, was born in Cairo, Egypt. At the age of 17, he travelled to Italy to study architecture. He graduated with a doctorate in architecture from La Sapienza – Universita’ Degli Studi di Roma,Italy. His special study is restoration of old monuments and history of architecture.

His career as an architect took him to work and live in Italy, Saudi Arabia, Gabon and the USA. His personal interests are Egyptology and Coptic history in the period after the Arab invasion of Egypt in 651 AD.

Voice of the Copts is dedicated to bringing fair, correct and balanced information to the entire world regarding Copts and Christians in countries with an Arab-Muslim majority.


 


La Casa Futura: Achieving independence for Egyptian youths in the freedom of the West

Rome, Italy. -– a Voice of the Copts’ project

La Casa Futura assists refugee youths fleeing from Egypt due to religious persecution. La Casa Futura is a two-year assimilation program in a residence building for young men and women (ages 15-20 years old) coming from Italian refugee camps. Language classes, vocational training and assistance for legal status in Italy are provided.

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Saturday, September 27, 2025

Free Cuba Now!

Assata Shakur, unrepentant terrorist and cop killer harbored by Havana since 1984, dies at 78 in Cuba. 
 
Other terrorists continue to be harbored by the communist dictatorship in the island.
 

Cuba’s Foreign Ministry announced earlier today: “On September 25, 2025, U.S. citizen Joanne Deborah Byron, ‘Assata Shakur,’ passed away in Havana, Cuba, as a result of health ailments and her advanced age.” Her full name was Joanne Deborah Byron Chesimard, and she escaped justice in 1979 while serving a life term for the murder of a New Jersey State Trooper.

The People’s Forum described her in a social media post as an “Anti-racist activist & freedom fighter.”  They failed to mention she was a terrorist and a cop killer.

What happened in 1973?

Troopers Werner Foerster and James Harper arrested Joanne Chesimard and two of her associates ( James Coston and  Clark Squire ) on the New Jersey Turnpike on May 2, 1973, for a motor vehicle infraction. Unbeknownst to the troopers, all three subjects were carrying semi-automatic weapons and had fake identities. Chesimard opened fire from the front passenger seat, injuring Trooper James Harper in the shoulder. Chesimard got out of the car and kept shooting at both troopers until Harper’s return fire wounded her as she fled for cover.

Trooper Harper fatally injured James Coston, the passenger in the back seat, who also fired at the troopers. Trooper Werner Foerster and Clark Squire, the driver of the vehicle, were fighting hand-to-hand. After suffering serious injuries to his right arm and abdomen, Foerster was killed by roadside execution with his own military weapon. The jammed firearm belonging to Chesimard was discovered beside Foerster.

Chesimard and Squire were accused, found guilty, and sentenced for the murder of Trooper Werner Foerster in addition to other charges.

On November 2, 1979, Joanne Deborah Chesimard was broken out from Clinton Correctional Facility for Women by members of the Revolutionary Armed Task Force under the direction of the Black Liberation Army.

Marilyn Buck, who engaged in terrorist actions including murdering three police in 1981 and bombing the U.S. Capitol in 1983 to protest the invasion of Grenada, helped to break Joanne Chesimard out of prison in 1979. Buck died of uterine cancer at home at age 62 on August 3, 2010. The Cuban government’s official media referred to her as an “activist and former political prisoner.”

Havana’s ideological defense of terrorism

The Castro dictatorship that harbored her continues to advocate revolutionary violence. The Mini-Manual of the Urban Guerilla by Carlos Marighella which has a chapter on terrorism and in its 1969 introduction states:

The accusation of “violence” or “terrorism” no longer has the negative meaning it used to have. It has acquired new clothing; a new color. It does not divide, it does not discredit; on the contrary, it represents a center of attraction. Today, to be “violent” or a “terrorist” is a quality that ennobles any honorable person, because it is an act worthy of a revolutionary engaged in armed struggle against the shameful military dictatorship and its atrocities.

The Cuban dictatorship published copies of the Mini-Manual in numerous languages and distributed copies worldwide in an effort to encourage urban guerrilla action and terrorism. Many on the left considered Joanne Chesimard a political prisoner because the murder of the police officer was politically motivated. However, she is not a prisoner of consciencebecause of the acts of violence she committed and continued to espouse until her death.

 

Who was Werner Foerster, the man Chesimard was found guilty of murdering?

Werner Foerster served two years and 10 months with the New Jersey State Police, and left behind his wife Rosa Charlotte Heider Foerster, and his 3 year-old son Eric. Prior to working for the police he had been a welder. Werner was just 34 years old. Both Werner and Rosa were German immigrants.

The New York Times published a brief profile on Werner in 1973.
 

The straight‐marked furrows in the vegetable garden behind a cluster of houses on Marlboro Road here today awaited the young plants that were to have been placed there. But the man who was to plant them could not do so because he was dead.

State Trooper Werner Foerster, whose garden it was, died in a gunfight on the New Jersey Turnpike at East Brunswick this morning.

The 34‐year‐old trooper lived here with his wife, Rosa Charlotte Heider Foerster, and their 3‐year‐old son, Eric. Their home is a trim two‐story white and brown mansard‐roofed structure with a sparkling white driveway, set back from the tree‐lined road that parallels Route 18 east of the little town here. The street without sidewalk is marked by rows of rural letterboxes.

The couple were born in Germany, under the Nazis in the late nineteen‐thirties, and their lives were marked by the terror of the war years. Their settling here was the culmination of a lifelong dream, their friends said.“They were happy and he was proud of his service in the troopers and he often said to me, ‘My dream has come true,” said an older neighbor who had befriended the young couple when they settled here nearly five year ago.

Trooper Foerster was born in the small Saxony village of Taucha on Aug. 19, 1938. After World War II the youth was befriended by American occupation soldiers and he set as his goal emigration to America.

Other terrorists continue to be harbored by the dictatorship in Cuba, but high ranking officials play dumb

Mehdi Hasan sat down with Cuban Deputy Foreign Minister Carlos Fernández de Cossío to discuss relations with the United States and raised the question of Puerto Rican bomb maker and terrorist harbored by the Cuban government today. The video made public on September 24, 2025 of the interview conducted in New York City has an exchange beginning at 5 minutes 36 seconds where the seasoned Cuban diplomat pretends not to know who Guillermo Morales is, but still goes on the offensive.

Mehdi Hasan: “There are believed to be 70 U.S. fugitives now based in Cuba, including people like William Morales, who was a bomb maker for a militant Puerto Rican group that bombed a New York tavern in 1975 killing four people. He escaped from a US prison, went to Mexico I believe, and since has been welcomed in Cuba where he has been living. Why not hand over people like Morales to the US, and get yourself taken off that list? Why give them asylum? These are people who have been convicted of serious crimes.

Carlos Fernández de Cossío: This is a list alleged by the U.S. with no evidence of whatsoever of what they are claiming about these people.

Mehdi Hasan: But William Morales lives in Cuba. You’re not denying he is in Cuba.

Carlos Fernández de Cossío: I’m not accepting it. I don’t event know if he is living in Cuba. I learned about William Morales because I read it in the news.

Mehdi Hasan: You haven’t checked to see if there is a wanted terrorist living on Cuban soil?

Carlos Fernández de Cossío: If there was someone like that in Cuba he would be protected.

Fifty years ago on January 24, 1975, the Havana-backed Puerto Rican terrorist group Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN) carried out a bombing attack at lunch time at the Fraunces Tavern in New York City that claimed the lives of  Alejandro Berger, 28; Frank Connor, 33; James Gezork ,32; and Harold Sherburne, 66; and injured more than fifty others. The FALN’s bomb maker William Morales, a fugitive from U.S. justice, is harbored today in Cuba by the communist dictatorship.

On January 24, 2025, the 50th anniversary of the Fraunces Tavern attack, friends, families, and investigators gathered at the site of the attack to remember the dead, and continue to demand justice.

Secretary of State Marco Rubio on January 24, 2025 remembered the Fraunces Tavern bombing victims, and the Cuban dictatorship’s continued harboring and support of terrorists, including FALN bomber William Morales in a statement published by the State Department.

“Today, we solemnly commemorate the 50th anniversary of the tragic bombing at Fraunces Tavern in Manhattan. On January 24, 1975, the Puerto Rican terrorist group Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN) carried out a terrorist bombing attack that claimed the lives of four innocent individuals and injured more than fifty others. As we reflect on this somber day, we honor the memory of those who perished in the explosion: Alejandro Berger, Frank Connor, James Gezork, and Harold Sherburne. Their untimely deaths remind us of the devastating impact of terrorism and the enduring pain it inflicts on families and communities. The Fraunces Tavern bombing was a stark reminder of the threats posed by terrorist ideologies and the lengths to which some will go to advance their causes. In the aftermath of the bombing, our nation came together to support the victims and their families, demonstrating the resilience and unity that define the American spirit. The FBI and other agencies worked tirelessly to capture William Morales, one of the key figures in the FALN, in an attempt to bring him to justice. Morales escaped from prison in the United States, fleeing to Mexico, eventually making his way to Cuba, where Dictator Fidel Castro granted him safe haven. To this day, Cuba continues harboring him and other wanted U.S. fugitives and terrorists. Today, we commemorate the lives lost on that tragic day. We must also recommit ourselves to demanding that wanted U.S. fugitives under the Cuban regime’s protection be brought to justice. We owe the victims and the American people our unwavering commitment to holding the Cuban regime accountable.”

It is also hard to believe that the Cuban diplomat was not alerted to the following presentation on September 10, 2025 when Joseph Connor called out the Cuban government in his presentation on terrorism. His father, Frank Connor, was killed in the Fraunces Tavern, in which he said that the FALN terrorist group that carried out the bombing was "fueled and financed by Cuba".

You can learn more about this terrible event by purchasing Shattered Lives: Overcoming the Fraunces Tavern Terror (2018), a book written by someone directly impacted. You can also watch the recently released documentary Shattered Lives, based on the book by the same name.